There are a few of these, so just do a run around the outside of the town, including at the very end of the cul-de-sac, to locate them all. There’s no telling which one of the dog houses Dogmeat decided to make his home, so be sure to check them all if you are really having trouble finding him.
He will almost always be near one of these, whether hanging out inside or wandering nearby. The key to finding Dogmeat in Fallout 4’s Sanctuary is to look for the red dog houses found in many of the backyards.